TUGAS BAHASA
INGGRIS BISNIS 2 (SOFTSKILL)
Indri Sugiastiwi
14213407
4EA18
Dosen: Defi
Julianti
Helping and Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Helping verbs or auxiliary
verbs such as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought
to, should, would, used to, need are used in conjunction with main
verbs to express shades of time and mood. The combination of helping
verbs with main verbs creates what are called verb phrases or verb
strings. In the following sentence, "will have been" are helping
or auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main verb; the whole verb
string is underlined:
·
As of next August, I will have been studying chemistry for
ten years.
Students should remember
that adverbs and contracted forms are not, technically, part of the verb. In
the sentence, "He has already started." the adverb already modifies
the verb, but it is not really part of the verb. The same is true of the 'nt in
"He hasn't started yet" (the adverb not, represented by
the contracted n't, is not part of the verb, has started).
Shall, will and forms of have,
do and be combine with main verbs to indicate time
and voice. As auxiliaries, the verbs be, have and do can
change form to indicate changes in subject and time.
·
I shall go now.
·
He had won the election.
·
They did write that novel together.
·
I am going now.
·
He was winning the election.
·
They have been writing that novel for a long time
What are "modal auxiliary verbs"?
The verbs can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must, ought and shall are verbs which 'help' other verbs to express a meaning: it is important to realise that these "modal verbs" have no meaning by themselves. A modal verb such as would has several varying functions; it can be used, for example, to help verbs express ideas about the past, the present and the future. It is therefore wrong to simply believe that "would is the past of will": it is many other things.
A few basic grammatical rules applying to modal verbs
Modal verbs are NEVER used with other auxiliary verbs such as do, does, did etc. The negative is formed simply by adding "not" after the verb; questions are formed by inversion of the verb and subject:
You should not do that.
Could you pick me up when I've finished?
Modal verbs NEVER change form: you can never add an "-s" or "-ed", for example.
Modal verbs are NEVER followed by to, with the exception of ought to.
Modal
verbs and their meaning
What
are modal verbs?
Modals
(also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal
auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They
are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give
additional information about the function of the main
verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative
functions.
Here
are some characteristics of modal verbs:
·
They never change their form. You can't add
"s", "ed", "ing"...
·
They are always followed by an infinitive without
"to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)
·
They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to
express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability
List
of modal verbs
Here
is a list of modal verbs:
|
can, could, may,
might, will, would, shall, should, must
|
The
verbs or expressions dare, ought to, had
better, and need not behave like modal
auxiliaries to a large extent and my be added to the above list
Use
of modal verbs:
Modal
verbs are used to express functions such as:
1.
Permission
2.
Ability
3.
Obligation
4.
Prohibition
5.
Lack of necessity
6.
Advice
7.
possibility
8.
probability
What sort of meanings do modals give to other verbs?
The meaning are usually connected with ideas of DOUBT, CERTAINTY, POSSIBILITY and PROBABILITY, OBLIGATION and PERMISSION (or lack of these). You will see that they are not used to talk about things that definitely exist, or events that definitely happened. These meanings are sometimes divided into two groups:
DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: certainty; probability; possibility; impossibility
OBLIGATION/FREEDOM TO ACT: permission,lack of permission; ability; obligation.
Let's look at each modal verb separately, and the functions they help to express:
WILL
Making personal predictions
I don't think the Queen will ever abdicate.
I doubt if I'll stay here much longer.
Talking about the present with certainty (making deductions)
I'm sure you will understand that there is nothing the Department can do
There's a letter for you. It'll be from the bank: they said they'd be writing.
Talking about the future with certainty
I won't be in the office until 11; I've got a meeting.
Don't bother ringing: they'll have left for their 10 o'clock lecture.
Talking about the past with certainty
I'm sure you will have noticed that attendance has fallen sharply.
Reassuring someone
Don't worry! You'll settle down quickly, I'm sure.
It'll be all right! You won't have to speak by yourself.
Making a decision
For the main course I'll have grilled tuna.
I'm very tired. I think I'll stay at home tonight.
Making a semi-formal request
Will you open the window, please? It's very hot in here.
Sign this, will you?
Offering to do something
You stay there! I'll fetch the drinks.
Insistence; habitual behaviour
I'm not surprised you don't know what to do! You will keep talking in class.
Damn! My car won't start. I'll have to call the garage.
Making a promise or a threat
You can count on me! I'll be there at 8 o'clock sharp.
If you don't finish your dinner off, you'll go straight to bed!
SHALL
Shall is a form of will, used mostly in the first person. Its use, however, is decreasing, and in any case in spoken English it would be contracted to "-ll" and be indistinguishable from will.
The only time you do need to use it is in questions, when:
Making offers
Shall I fetch you another glass of wine?
Making suggestions
Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
MAY & MIGHT
May & might sometimes have virtually the same meaning; they are used to talk about possibilities in the past, present or future. ("Could" is also sometimes used).
May is sometimes a little bit "more sure" (50% chance); whereas might expresses more doubt (maybe only a 30% chance).
May & might are used, then, for:
Talking about the present or future with uncertainty
She may be back in her office: the lecture finished ten minutes ago.
I may go shopping tonight, I haven't decided yet.
England might win the World Cup, you never know.
Talking about the past with uncertainty
I'm surprised he failed. I suppose he might have been ill on the day of the exam.
They can also sometimes be used for talking about permission, but usually only in formal situations. Instead of saying May I open a window? we would say Is it all right/OK if I open a window? or Can I open a window? for example. You might, however, see:
Students may not borrow equipment without written permission.
MAY
Talking about things that can happen in certain situations
If the monitors are used in poorly lit places, some users may experience headaches.
Each nurse may be responsible for up to twenty patients.
With a similar meaning to although
The experiment may have been a success, but there is still a lot of work to be done. (= Although it was a success, there is still ...)
MIGHT
Saying that something was possible, but did not actually happen
You saw me standing at the bus stop! You might have stopped and given me a lift!
WOULD
As the past of will, for example in indirect speech
"The next meeting will be in a month's time" becomes
He said the next meeting would be in a month's time.
Polite requests and offers (a 'softer' form of will)
Would you like another cup of tea?
Would you give me a ring after lunch?
I'd like the roast duck, please.
In conditionals, to indicate 'distance from reality': imagined, unreal, impossible situations
If I ruled the world, every day would be the first day of Spring.
It would have been better if you'd word processed your assignment.
After 'wish', to show regret or irritation over someone (or something's) refusal or insistence on doing something (present or future)
I wish you wouldn't keep interrupting me.
I wish it would snow.
Talking about past habits (similiar meaning to used to)
When I was small, we would always visit relatives on Christmas Day.
Future in the past
The assassination would become one of the key events of the century.
CAN & COULD
Talking about ability
Can you speak Mandarin? (present)
She could play the piano when she was five. (past)
Making requests
Can you give me a ring at about 10?
Could you speak up a bit please? (slightly more formal, polite or 'softer')
Asking permission
Can I ask you a question?
Could I ask you a personal question? (more formal, polite or indirect)
Reported speech
Could is used as the past of can.
He asked me if I could pick him up after work.
General possibility
You can drive when you're 17. (present)
Women couldn't vote until just after the First World War.
Choice and opportunities
If you want some help with your writing, you can come to classes, or you can get some 1:1 help.
We could go to Stratford tomorrow, but the forecast's not brilliant. (less definite)
Future probability
Could (NOT can) is sometimes used in the same way as might or may, often indicating something less definite.
When I leave university I might travel around a bit, I might do an MA or I suppose I could even get a job.
Present possibility
I think you could be right you know. (NOT can)
That can't be the right answer, it just doesn't make sense.
Past possibility
If I'd known the lecture had been cancelled, I could have stayed in bed longer.
MUST
Examples here refer to British English; there is some variation in American English.
Necessity and obligation
Must is often used to indicate 'personal' obligation; what you think you yourself or other people/things must do. If the obligation comes from outside (eg a rule or law), then have to is often (but not always) preferred:
I really must get some exercise.
People must try to be more tolerant of each other.
You musn't look - promise?
If you own a car, you have to pay an annual road tax.
Strong advice and invitations
I think you really must make more of an effort.
You must go and see the film - it's brilliant.
You must come and see me next time you're in town.
Saying you think something is certain
This must be the place - there's a white car parked outside.
You must be mad.
What a suntan! You must have had great weather.
The negative is expressed by can't:
You're going to sell your guitar! You can't be serious!
She didn't wave - she can't have seen me.
SHOULD
Giving advice
I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi.
You shouldn't be drinking if you're on antibiotics.
You shouldn't have ordered that chocolate dessert - you're not going to finish it.
Obligation: weak form of must
The university should provide more sports facilities.
The equipment should be inspected regularly.
Deduction
The letter should get to you tomorrow - I posted it first class.
Things which didn't or may/may not have happened
I should have renewed my TV licence last month, but I forgot.
You shouldn't have spent so much time on that first question.
Ought to
Ought to usually has the same meaning as should, particularly in affirmative statements in the present:
You should/ought to get your hair cut.
Should is much more common (and easier to say!), so if you're not sure, use should.
Modal Auxiliaries
·
Other helping verbs, called modal auxiliaries or modals,
such as can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will,
and would, do not change form for different subjects. For instance,
try substituting any of these modal auxiliaries for can with
any of the subjects listed below.
|
I
you (singular) he we you (plural) they |
can write well.
|
·
There is also a separate section on the Modal
Auxiliaries, which divides these verbs into their various meanings of necessity, advice,
ability, expectation, permission, possibility, etc., and provides sample
sentences in various tenses. See the section on Conditional
Verb Forms for help with the modal auxiliary would. The shades of
meaning among modal auxiliaries are multifarious and complex. Most
English-as-a-Second-Language textbooks will contain at least one chapter on
their usage. For more advanced students, A University Grammar of
English, by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum, contains an excellent,
extensive analysis of modal auxiliaries.
Uses of Can and Could
The modal auxiliary can is used
·
to express ability (in the sense of being able to do something or knowing
how to do something):
He can speak Spanish but
he can't write it very well.
·
to expression permission (in the sense of being allowed or permitted to do
something):
Can I talk to my friends
in the library waiting room? (Note that can is less formal than may. Also, some
writers will object to the use of can in this context.)
·
to express theoretical possibility:
American automobile
makers can make better cars if they think there's a profit in it.
The modal auxiliary could is used
•
to express an ability in the past:
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
•
to express past or future permission:
Could I bury my cat in your back yard?
•
to express present possibility:
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking.
•
to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances:
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.
In expressing ability,
can and could frequently also imply willingness: Can you help me with my
homework?
Can versus May
Whether the auxiliary verb can can be used to express
permission or not — "Can I leave the room now?" ["I don't know
if you can, but you may."] — depends on the level of formality of your
text or situation. As Theodore Bernstein puts it in The Careful Writer, "a
writer who is attentive to the proprieties will preserve the traditional
distinction: can for ability or power to do something, may for permission to do
it.
The question is at what level can you safely ignore the
"proprieties." Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, tenth edition, says the
battle is over and can can be used in virtually any situation to express or ask
for permission. Most authorities, however, recommend a stricter adherence to
the distinction, at least in formal situations.
Authority: The Careful Writer by Theodore Bernstein. The Free Press: New
York. 1998. p. 87.
Uses of May and Might
Two of the more troublesome modal auxiliaries are may and
might. When used in the context of granting or seeking permission, might is the
past tense of may. Might is considerably more tentative than may.
• May I leave class early?
• If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I
leave early?
In the context of expressing possibility, may and might
are interchangeable present and future forms and might + have + past participle
is the past form:
• She might be my advisor next semester.
• She may be my advisor next semester.
• She might have advised me not to take biology.
Avoid confusing the sense of possibility in may with the
implication of might, that a hypothetical situation has not in fact occurred.
For instance, let's say there's been a helicopter crash at the airport. In his
initial report, before all the facts are gathered, a newscaster could say that
the pilot "may have been injured." After we discover that the pilot
is in fact all right, the newscaster can now say that the pilot "might
have been injured" because it is a hypothetical situation that has not
occurred. Another example: a body had been identified after much work by a
detective. It was reported that "without this painstaking work, the body
may have remained unidentified." Since the body was, in fact, identified,
might is clearly called for.
Uses of Will and Would
In certain contexts, will and would are virtually
interchangeable, but there are differences. Notice that the contracted form 'll
is very frequently used for will.
Will can be used to
express willingness:
• I'll wash the dishes if you dry.
• We're going to the movies. Will you join us?
It can also express intention
(especially in the first person):
• I'll do my exercises later on.
and prediction:
• specific: The meeting will be over soon.
• timeless: Humidity will ruin my hairdo.
• habitual: The river will overflow its banks every spring.
Would can also be used
to express willingness:
• Would you please take off your hat?
It can also express
insistence (rather rare, and with a strong stress on the word
"would"):
• Now you've ruined everything. You would act that way.
and characteristic
activity:
• customary: After work, he would walk to his home in West
Hartford.
• typical (casual): She would cause the whole family to be
late, every time.
In a main clause, would
can express a hypothetical meaning:
• My cocker spaniel would weigh a ton if I let her eat what
she wants.
Finally, would can
express a sense of probability:
• I hear a whistle. That would be the five o'clock train.
Uses of Used to
The auxiliary verb
construction used to is used to express an action that took place in the past,
perhaps customarily, but now that action no longer customarily takes place:
• We used to take long vacation trips with the whole family.
The spelling of this
verb is a problem for some people because the "-ed" ending quite
naturally disappears in speaking: "We yoostoo take long trips." But
it ought not to disappear in writing. There are exceptions, though. When the
auxiliary is combined with another auxiliary, did, the past tense is carried by
the new auxiliary and the "-ed" ending is dropped. This will often
happen in the interrogative:
• Didn't you use to go jogging every morning before
breakfast?
• It didn't use to be that way.
Used to can also be used
to convey the sense of being accustomed to or familiar with something:
• The tire factory down the road really stinks, but we're
used to it by now.
• I like these old sneakers; I'm used to them.
Used to is best reserved
for colloquial usage; it has no place in formal or academic text.
1. Auxiliaries, Modals and Main verbs
be, have and do can
be auxiliaries and main verbs. They have grammatical functions and
are used for forming tenses, questions, the passive, etc.
Modals are can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would and need (need can also be
a main verb).
Examples:
·
We can play football.
·
We could play football.
·
We may play football.
·
We might play football.
·
We must play football.
·
We mustn't play football.
·
We needn't play football.
·
We ought to play football.
·
We shall play football.
·
We should play football.
·
We will play football.
·
We would play football.
2. What to keep in mind when using modals
|
Explanation
|
Sample sentences
|
|
Do not use
modals for things which happen definitely.
|
The
sun rises in
the east. - A modal can't be used in this sentence.
|
|
They
have no -s in the 3rd person singular.
|
He can play football.
|
|
Questions
are formed without do/does/did.
|
Can he speak Spanish?
|
|
It follows
a main verb in its infinitive.
|
They must read the
book.
|
|
There
are no past forms (except could and would).
|
He was
allowed to watch the
film.
|
|
When you
use the past participle you
tell about things which did not happen in the past.
|
You should have told me.
|
3. Long and contracted
forms of modals
|
Affirmative
|
Negative
|
||
|
Long forms
|
Contracted forms
|
Long forms
|
Contracted forms
|
|
can
|
--
|
cannot
|
can't
|
|
could
|
--
|
could not
|
couldn't
|
|
may
|
--
|
may not
|
--
|
|
might
|
--
|
might not
|
--
|
|
ought to
|
--
|
ought not to
|
oughtn't to
|
|
need
|
--
|
need not
|
needn't
|
|
shall
|
'll
|
shall not
|
shan't
|
|
should
|
'd
|
should not
|
shouldn't
|
|
will
|
'll
|
will not
|
won't
|
|
would
|
'd
|
would not
|
wouldn't
|
Ability,
permission, requests and advice
The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will and would.
The modals are used to do things like
talking about ability, asking permission making requests, and so on.
Ability:
We use can to talk about someone’s
skill or general abilities:
She can speak several
languages.
He can swim like a fish.
They can’t dance very well.
He can swim like a fish.
They can’t dance very well.
We use can to talk about the
ability to do something at a given time in the present or future:
You can make a lot of
money if you are lucky.
Help. I can’t breathe.
They can run but they can’t hide.
Help. I can’t breathe.
They can run but they can’t hide.
We use could to talk
about past time:
She could speak several
languages.
They couldn’t dance very well.
They couldn’t dance very well.
We use could have to say that
someone had the ability/opportunity to do something, but did not do
it:
She could have learned Swahili,
but she didn’t have time.
I could have danced all night [but didn't].
I could have danced all night [but didn't].
Permission:
We use can to ask for
permission to do something:
Can I ask a question, please?
Can we go home now?
Can we go home now?
could is more formal and polite than can:
Could I ask a question please?
Could we go home now?
Could we go home now?
may is another more
formal and polite way of asking for permission:
May I ask a question please?
May we go home now?
May we go home now?
We use can to give permission:
You can go home now if you like.
You can borrow my pen if you like.
You can borrow my pen if you like.
may is a more
formal and polite way of giving permission:
You may go home now, if you like.
We use can to say that someone
has permission to do something:
We can go out whenever we want.
Students can travel free.
Students can travel free.
may is a more
formal and polite way of saying that someone has permission:
Students may travel free.
Instructions and
requests:
We use could you and would
you as polite ways of telling or asking someone to do
something:
Could you take a message please?
Would you carry this for me please?
Could I have my bill please?
Would you carry this for me please?
Could I have my bill please?
can and will are
less polite:
Can you take a message please?
Will you carry this for me please?
Will you carry this for me please?
Suggestions and
advice:
We use should to make
suggestions and give advice:
You should send an email.
We should go by train.
We should go by train.
We use could to make
suggestions:
We could meet at the
weekend.
You could eat out tonight.
You could eat out tonight.
We use conditionals to give advice:
Dan will help you if
you ask him.
Past tenses are more polite:
Dan would help you
if you asked him.
Offers and
invitations:
We use can I… and to make
offers:
Can I help you?
Can I do that for you?
Can I do that for you?
We can also use shall I …
Shall I help you with that?
Shall I call you on your mobile?
Shall I call you on your mobile?
We sometime say I can ... or I
could ... or I’ll (I will) ... to make
an offer:
I can do that for you if you
like.
I can give you a lift to the station.
I’ll do that for you if you like.
I’ll give you a lift to the station.
I can give you a lift to the station.
I’ll do that for you if you like.
I’ll give you a lift to the station.
We use would you like (to) ... for invitations:
Would you like to come round tomorrow?
Would you like another drink?
Would you like another drink?
We use you must or we
must for a very polite invitation:
You must come round and see us.
We must meet again soon.
We must meet again soon.
Obligation and
necessity
We use must to say that it is
necessary to do something:
You must stop at a red light.
Everyone must bring something to eat.
You can wear what you like, but you must look neat and tidy.
I’m sorry, but you mustn’t make a noise in here.
Everyone must bring something to eat.
You can wear what you like, but you must look neat and tidy.
I’m sorry, but you mustn’t make a noise in here.
We use had to for this if we
are talking about the past:
Everyone had to bring something to
eat.
We could wear what we liked, but we had to look neat and tidy.
We could wear what we liked, but we had to look neat and tidy.
Examples
of modal verbs
Here
is a list of modals with examples:
|
Modal Verb
|
Expressing
|
Example
|
|
must
|
Strong obligation
|
You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
|
|
logical conclusion / Certainty
|
He must be very tired. He's been working all day
long.
|
|
|
must not
|
prohibition
|
You must not smoke in the hospital.
|
|
can
|
ability
|
I can swim.
|
|
permission
|
Can I use your phone please?
|
|
|
possibility
|
Smoking can cause cancer.
|
|
|
could
|
ability in the past
|
When I was younger I could run fast.
|
|
polite permission
|
Excuse me, could I just say something?
|
|
|
possibility
|
It could rain tomorrow!
|
|
|
may
|
permission
|
May I use your phone please?
|
|
possibility, probability
|
It may rain tomorrow!
|
|
|
might
|
polite permission
|
Might I suggest an idea?
|
|
possibility, probability
|
I might go on holiday to Australia next year.
|
|
|
need not
|
lack of necessity/absence of obligation
|
I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of tomatoes
in the fridge.
|
|
should/ought to
|
50 % obligation
|
I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible
headache.
|
|
advice
|
You should / ought to revise your lessons
|
|
|
logical conclusion
|
He should / ought to be very tired. He's been
working all day long.
|
|
|
had better
|
advice
|
You 'd better revise your lessons
|
Remember
Modal
verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the
bare infinitive.
Examples:
·
You must stop when the
traffic lights turn red.
·
You should see to the
doctor.
·
There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need
not buy any.
Modals
in the present and past
Generally
speaking modals in the past have the following form:
- modal + have + past participle
Example:
- Present:
You should see a doctor. - Past:
You should have seen a doctor
Except
for modals that express obligation,ability and lack of necessity:
- Obligation:
Present = I must / have to work hard. -- Past = I had to work hard. - Ability:
Present = I can run fast. -- Past = I could run fast when I was young. - Lack of necessity:
Present = You don't have to / needn't take your umbrella. -- Past = You didn't have to / didn't need to take your umbrella.
|
|
Modals in the
Present
|
Modals in the Past
|
|
Obligation
|
You must / have to stop when
the traffic lights are red.
|
You had to stop.
|
|
Advice
|
You should see a
doctor.
|
You should have seen a
doctor
|
|
Prohibition
|
You mustn't smoke here.
|
You mustn't have smoked there.
|
|
Ability
|
I can run fast.
|
I could run fast. now I
am old.
|
|
Certainty
|
He has a Rolls Royce. He must be very
rich.
He can't be American. His English is terrible. |
He must have been rich.
He had a big house and an expensive car.
He can't have written that poem. He was illiterate. |
|
Permission
|
Can I
go out?
|
She could drive her
father's car when she was only 15.
|
|
Possibility
|
It may / can / could / might rain.
It's cloudy.
|
I guess it may / can / could / might have
been Lacy on the phone.
|
|
Lack of necessity
|
You don't have to / needn't buy any
tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge.
|
You didn't have to / didn't need to
buy tomatoes.
|
MODAL
AUXILIARY
Capital
(modalities) is a form of word that helps the verb. Capital must be paired with
verbs. Therefore, capital is also often called the verb replace.
• THE KINDS OF MODALS (TYPES OF CAPITAL)
Outline.
Capital is divided into two, namely modals present and modals past. Notice the
following table.
Modals present Modals past
·
Can (can) Could
·
Will (Will) Would
·
Shall (to) Should /
·
May (allowed) Might
·
Must (hams) Had to
·
Should (should / should) -
·
Ought to (should / should) -
Note:
In
addition to the above capital examples. There are some words that also have the
same meaning, such as:
Can /
could: be capable of. Be able to. Manage to
Will /
shall: he is doing to, be about to
May /
might: perhaps, probable, possible, presumable bad better, be supposed to
• What
is meant by be is to be like: is, am. Are, was, and were.
The
formula of capital is as follows:
(+) S +
capital + V1 + (O)
(-) S +
capital + not + V1 + (O)
(?)
Capital + S + V1 + (O)?
• THE USAGE OF MODALS (MODALS COLLECTION)
Capital
has several uses like the following:
1. Can / could
A. Stating ability
Example:
• I can
cook very well. (I can cook very well.)
• I
could not sing this song beautifully. (I can not sing this song well.)
B. Declare a possibility
Example:
• I Can
Call You If I have finished my work. (I can call you if my work is done.)
• I
Could not listen to what he said. (I can not hear what he says.)
C. Declare Permission
Example:
• You
Can Watch TV after doing your homework. (You can watch TV after completing your
homework.)
• You
Can borrow my novel tomorrow morning. (You may borrow my novel in the morning.)
D. Declare a polite plea.
Example:
• Can I
use your phone? May I use your phone?
• Could
you please tell me where the nearest bank is? Can you tell me where is the
nearest bank?
Note:
In case of application. Could be more polite than can.
2. May / might
A. To state the possibility (not sure 100%)
Example:
• Tia
does not come to the class, she may get up late. (Tia does not go to school,
she might wake up.)
•
shinta might not be angry because I am her boyfriend. Shinta may not be angry
because I'm her boyfriend.
B. To declare permissions
Example:
• You
might meet Your mom. (You may meet your mother.)
• May I
ask you a question? Can I ask you?
3. Must / had to
To
state the necessity
Example:
• You
must pay all of these. (I have to pay for all this.)
• You
must not be late. (You can not be late.)
• We
had to keep the secret. (We must keep this secret.)
C. To declare certain certainty / prediction
Example:
• After
studying all the day. You must be so tired. (After studying all day, you must
be exhausted.)
• Since
you do not practice seriously, you must not Win the dance competition. (Since
you are not training seriously, you definitely will not win in a dance race.
4. Shall
A. Shall is used for I and we. And Shall is
used to declare a plan.
Example:
• We
shall return the book this week end. (We will return these books later this
week.)
• I
shall not text you tonight. (I will not SMS you tonight.)
B. In the sentence question, shall be used to
provide suggestions.
Example:
• It is
too hot here. Shall I open the window? (It's so hot here what if I open the
window?)
• You
shall ask me if I want this food. (You should ask me if I want this food.)
5. Should
Should
be used for suggestions. In the Indonesian language, this word has a meaning.
Unlike the must, should not necessarily require someone to do the suggestion.
Example:
• You
look so tired, you should take a rest. (You look very tired, you should rest.)
• She
Should tell me where she will go. (He should tell me where he's going.)
•
Should I give You The money? (Should I give you money?)
• You
should take the test. (You should take the test.)
6. Will
A. Used to express a plan (plan)
Example:
• I
will go to Manado. (I'm going to Manado.)
• Will
you come to my party? (Will you come to my party?)
B. Used to express willingness
Example:
• I
will help you. ( I will help you. )
• I
will lend you the book. (I'll lend you a book.)
• Will
you invite Clara to your birthday party? (Are you going to invite Clara to your
birthday party?)
C. Used to express prediction (prediction)
Example:
• If it
rains tonight, I will not come. (If it's raining tonight, I will not come.)
• My
parents will buy a new house if they have sold the old house. (My parents will
buy a new house if they already sell old houses.)
7. Would
A. Used to express a plan in the past (plan)
Example:
• I
would visit Bali last semester but I did not have money. (I will visit Bali
last semester but I do not have the money.)
• I
would sleep last night, but it was too noisy. (I'll sleep last night but it's
noisy.)
B. Used to express a polite plea.
• Would
you please show your ID card? (Can you show me your ID?)
• Would
you please tell when the train leaves? Can you tell what time the train left?
8. Ought to
Ought
to be used for suggestions. However. The suggestion is not so strong or
coercive.
Example:
• You
ought to study tonight. (You should study tonight.)
• He
ought not to be here. (She should not be here.)
Another
form of capital is the perfect + capital used to show the past. The formula for
this form of capital is as follows:
(+) S +
capital + have + V3 + (O)
(-) S +
capital + have + not + V3 + (O)
(?)
Capital + S + have + V3 + (O)
1. Must have
Used to
conclude events or events that occurred in the past. This type of capital
states that the speaker is very confident in the conclusion he made.
Example:
• You
won the competition. You must have practiced very hard. (You won the race.You
must have been training hard.)
• You
look so exhausted. You must have not taken a rest. (You look very tired.You
definitely do not rest.)
2. May / Might have
Used to
infer the possibilities that occurred in the past. This type of capital states
that the nurse is not so sure of what he says.
Example:
• Jane
0did not come to work this morning. She might have been sick. (Jane did not
come to work this morning, maybe she was sick.
•
Shinta failed in the exam. She mav have not studied. (Shinta does not pass the
exam She may not learn.)
3. Could have
Used to
express abilities that were not carried out in the past.
Example:
• I
believe that he could have been an outstanding student. (I believe that he can
actually be an exemplary student. (The sentence means that although he can, he
does not try to make it happen.)
• I
could have points Mr. Tono's questions but I remained silent. (I can actually
answer Mr. Tono's question, but I keep silent.)
Source:
Http://www.kuliahbahasainggris.com/pengertian-fungsi-kalimat-modals-in-language-inggris-lengkap/